GM contamination - Government experts disagree2 January 2003
Advice issued by the Government's main GM scientific advisory committee is in direct conflict with the findings of a major Government-commissioned report on GM oilseed rape pollination, claims Friends of the Earth.
The report on GM cross-pollination of oilseed rape crops and wild plants was published in full this week, after a summary was posted on DEFRA's website on Christmas Eve. Its findings put the early commercialisation of GM oilseed rape in question, revealing significant contamination. But the Advisory Committee on Releases to the Environment (ACRE)'s advice, also published on Christmas Eve, played down the significance of the findings, saying contamination was expected.
The report concludes: "If transgenic oilseed rape is grown on a large scale in the UK, then gene flow will occur between fields, farms and across landscapes". It also highlights the difficulties in gathering information on the likely extent of contamination if GM oilseed rape is grown commercially in this country and calls for further research, stating that: "Gene flow at this level should be investigated on a landscape scale using larger numbers of transgenic pollen sources, and examining different genotypes (both of the transgenic plants and conventional varieties), the extent of pollen flow at further distances from sources, a range of environmental conditions, geographical location and patterns of cropping of GM and non-GM crops. It is only when these studies have been concluded under a range of UK conditions that farmers and seed producers will be able to accurately predict out crossing levels and develop appropriate strategies for managing it".
In contrast ACRE' s advice concludes: "ACRE considered the results of the monitoring carefully. ACRE's risk assessment of GM oil seed rape has always assumed some gene-flow will occur and that this does not in itself constitute a risk to human health or the environment. It was concluded that the extent of gene flow observed in the monitoring between GM oilseed rape and adjacent crops, feral oilseed rape and wild relatives was entirely within expectations. The persistence of GM volunteers and feral oil seed rape plants were also entirely within expectations."
The consultants report also reveals the extent to which seed contamination has occurred: "Tests of certified seed of a particular variety imported from North America since 1996, conducted by NIAB detected GM contamination in around 40 per cent of samples ranging from 0.05 to 0.5 per cent".
Current EU proposals for oilseed rape seed purity would set a maximum contamination rate of 0.3 per cent. Other key information emerging from the final report includes:
- Seed spillages and failure to clean combine harvesters are likely to be a significant source of GM contamination. One volunteer GM plant per square metre in a field of oilseed would produce contamination rates of between 0.6 per cent and 1.5 per cent depending on variety. The discovery of weedy population of wild turnip co-existing and hybridising with oilseed rape in England. One plant sampled had 81 GM seeds out of 167 (48.5 per cent).
- 0.5 per cent contamination rates in crops at distances up to 200 metres v 3.2 per cent contamination rates at 105 metres in some oilseed rape varieties. GM oilseed rape volunteers (weeds in following crops) survived for at least four years (up until the research was terminated in 2000). Wild oilseed rape close by crop fields was also contaminated.
The report recommends more research into the hybridisation of oilseed rape with wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum) and wild turnip (Brassica rapus).
The full report does not provide metrological data for any of the study sites making it impossible to judge whether the reported results could be considered the "worst case". Contamination of crop plants was only monitored and found up to 250 metres from the GM crops and no further. Current separation distances for GM oilseed rape are a maximum of 200 metres.
"ACRE seems to have missed the main conclusions of the report. In fact they appear to be more interested in defending their earlier advice than listening to the science. Such complacency is completely unacceptable," said Friends of the Earth Food and Farming Campaigner Pete Riley. "The report shows there are still big holes in the science of cross pollination, and that more research is needed before GM crops can be given the go-ahead. The Government must resist the pressure from the biotech industry to approve GM oilseed rape for commercial growing in the next 18 months and consider the full facts. Proving the safety of GM is going to be risky and costly. Surely the only sensible course is to abandon GM and instead help British farmers get off the agro-chemical treadmill by investing in sustainable farming."
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